Contamination by chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and PBDEs in Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) in western South Atlantic

Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and PBDEs were analysed in nine blubber samples of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, incidentally captured during fishing operations in southern and southeastern Brazil between 2005 and 2007. The majority of compounds analysed were detected, suggesting widespread contamination over the region. Although the samples came from a location far from main coastal industrial areas, the results revealed an influence from such sources. Therefore, levels of PCBs (774-23 659 ng g⁻¹ lipid wt.) and PBDEs (23-1326 ng g⁻¹ lipid wt.) detected seem to be related to the movement of individuals throughout near-shore and offshore waters. The sample from a lactating female exhibited a lower level of contamination and a distinct pattern, indicating selective transfer favouring less lipophilic compounds.     

石油企业中东突发公共事件应急管理三阶段模式设计

深入海外石油市场进行境外石油的勘探、开发、加工与利用成为解决能源供需矛盾的主要手段。中东市场与国内环境差异较大,诸多因素容易引发公共事件。以三阶段模式:事件预防、事中控制及事后恢复对中东环境分析,从四方面对突发事件进行控制,为事后恢复、降低突发共公事件的衍生性、波动性奠定基础,并结合中国石化胜利油田EPC实例,分析得出突发公共事件应急管理的性质和三阶段模式对我国石油企业在中东生存和发展的意义。     

贡嘎山东坡土壤重金属质量比的初步分析及风险评价

对贡嘎山东坡土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As的质量比进行测定,用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行风险评价。结果表明:研究区表层土壤中Hg、Pb和As质量比低于国家一级标准,属未污染等级,Cd、Cr和Ni质量比存在不同程度的超标现象,土壤被污染;Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg、As的单因子污染指数分别为1.88、0.87、1.15、1.06、0.45、0.26,对土壤的污染程度从大到小依次为Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Hg、As;内梅罗综合污染指数PN为0.92～4.89,都属于不安全级别,其中22.2%的土壤属尚清洁等级,66.7%的土壤属轻度污染,11.1%的土壤属严重污染。     

Monitoring the effectiveness of the European tributyltin regulation on the Basque coast (northern Spain) by assessing imposex in two gastropod species (Nassarius reticulatus and Nassarius nitidus)

Imposex and butyltin body burden were assessed in 2011 along the Basque coast (northern Spain) in two gastropod species (Nassarius reticulatus and Nassarius nitidus) four years after an initial survey in 2007. The aim of this re-survey was to monitor the effectiveness of the European ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) based antifouling paints on ships’ hulls (EC 782/2003). Imposex levels in 2011 were lower than those determined in 2007 at most of the sampling sites. Accordingly, TBT concentrations in the female body burden of Nassarius reticulatus varied from 43 to 250 ng Sn/g in dry weight in 2011, which was a lower maximum than in 2007. Nevertheless, the results for the butyltin degradation index suggest that there have been recent inputs of TBT within the two main Basque harbours. Overall, the legislative measure is contributing to the reduction of TBT effects on the Basque coast although its presence is still evident.     

哈萨克斯坦东部土壤元素组成及其空间影响因素分析

本文对哈萨克斯坦东部地区地表82个采样点土壤样品进行经典统计学及地统计分析,探讨了表层土壤元素组成特征及其空间影响因素。首先对土壤元素含量平均值、变异系数等特征进行了计算,比较了土壤元素含量特征。哈萨克斯坦东部地区表层土壤样品中Co、Be、K、Mg、Na、Ca、Zn等元素的含量偏高,而Al、Fe等其余元素含量偏低。使用SPSS 20.0对元素含量进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析可将20种元素分成2大类,每一类又分为两组。第一大类为Ca、Sr、K、Na、Be、Ba,为表生环境下活泼性较强的元素,其中Ca、Sr为一组,K、Na、Be、Ba 为一组。另外一类为Pb、Zn、P、Fe、V、Al、Co、Ti、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Li、Mg,为活动性相对较差的元素,其中Pb、Zn、P为一组,其他元素为另一组。在此基础之上,采用地统计学方法对这些土壤元素的空间格局及其影响因素进行了研究,并计算了分维数,其大小依次为：Zn>Al>Mg>Li>Be>Ca>P> Pb>Sr>Na>Ti>Co>Cr>Cu(Fe)>Ni>V>Mn>K。Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mn、Ni、Ti、V在采样尺度下均具有空间相关性,相关程度中等或较强,虽然受到一些随机因素的影响（如区域人类活动等）,但其结构特征并未被破坏。Pb、P空间结构特征不明显,Zn已无空间结构特征,该类元素受到一定程度的人为污染影响,随机因素特别是人为因素如耕作、采矿等方面对其空间分布特征造成破坏。而Al、Li、Na、Be、Mg这些元素在研究尺度上空间结构性差或不存在,影响因素复杂。活动性元素Ca在一个相对较小的范围内存在相关关系,Sr空间相关性较差。最后通过对该区重金属污染状况进行初步评价,发现Zn污染程度为轻度-偏重污染。     

1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程的区域差异

为进一步认识1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程及其区域差异,论文分析了1982-2006年9-10月归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的多年平均状况和年际变化,并通过聚类分析辨识了NDVI变化过程的主要模态,进而探讨了它们与温度和降水变化的相关关系。结果表明:(1)中国东部秋季森林的覆盖度最高,农田次之,草原最低,并表现出1998年之前趋于增加、此后趋于锐减的变化特征;(2)不同区域植被覆盖变化过程不尽相同,整个研究区植被覆盖变化过程可以分为6种模态,其中①东北地区呈波动上升趋势,②内蒙古高原东北部1982-1998年波动上升、1998年后陡然降低,③华北北部-东北南部呈现跃迁式上升,跃迁年份为1994年,④华北南部表现为先降低后略微增加,趋势转折出现在2000年,⑤江淮地区呈现为1982-1992年波动增加、1992-2006年波动降低,⑥长江及其以南地区表现为陡然下降,突变始于2000年;(3)除了内蒙古高原东北部降水变化能够解释植被覆盖度年际变率的66%以外,华北北部-东北南部的植被覆盖与降水具有正相关关系,秦岭-大巴山-长江中下游及以南地区的植被覆盖与同期温度呈显著正相关,但是降水或温度仅能够解释植被覆盖年际变率的21%,其余地区植被覆盖与气候变化没有显著的相关关系。     

1960～2012年中国东南沿海地区降水变化特征及重涝灾害趋势判断

基于东南沿海地区46个气象站点逐年实测降水数据,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验法、Z指数法等气候诊断方法分析了1960~2012年东南沿海降水量时空变化特征,利用可公度、蝴蝶结构图和可公度结构系等灾害时间对称性方法,对重涝灾害未来趋势进行判断。结果表明:1)1960~2012年东南沿海地区降水整体呈增加趋势,增加速率为1.91mm/a;2)在空间变化上,降水量高值区域,降水呈现下降趋势,而降水量低值区域,降水则呈现上升趋势;降水呈下降趋势的区域集中在降水高值区,由南向北降水呈下降趋势站点逐渐减少,区域洪涝灾害风险逐渐增大;3)东南沿海旱涝变化具有明显的年际变化趋势,主要表现为20世纪60~70年代整体偏旱,80~90年代涝灾逐年增多,2000年后旱涝灾害频发,形成"重旱-重涝并重"的格局;4)东南沿海地区重涝时间序列具有明显的时间对称结构,经可公度、蝴蝶结构图和可公度结构系三种方法综合判断,2016年重涝信号较强,有可能发生较严重的涝灾,需要相关部门予以重视,完善区域自然灾害防御应急体系。     

Discriminating zooplankton assemblages through multivariate methods: A case for a tropical polluted harbour and Bar-built estuary

A comparative study (June-July 2001) on zooplankton community structure amid polluted conditions in a stagnant harbour and relatively unaffected tidal estuary near Visakhapatnam, on the east coast of India, revealed a marked disparity in species composition and abundance. While the harbour supported a rich population of calanoids (46.4%), the estuary sustained mostly cyclopoids (55.2%). Univariate and multivariate techniques (species diversity, clustering, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and one-way ANOSIM) revealed the existence of two differing zooplankton assemblages and associated water quality (similarity 50.6%). While the estuary is typified by high amounts of dissolved silica (67.4 ± 17.7 μmol l^-1) linked with monsoon influx, the harbour waters revealed abnormal levels of phosphate (40.9 ± 9.2 μmol l^-1) and nitrate (15.3 ± 5.41 μmol l^{- 1}) suggestive of intense eutrophication, caused by the discharge of fertilizer-factory waste and domestic sewage. On the basis of routines (e.g. BVSTEP, SIMPER) implemented in Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research, it was possible to demonstrate that while species such as Oithona rigida, Oithona brevicornis, crustacean nauplii, gastropod veligers, Acartia spinicauda, and Acartia centrura played a key role in discriminating the zooplankton assemblage in the estuary, Acrocalanus spp. (mainly Acrocalanus gracilis) played a keyed role in harbour waters. Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed species-environment relationships; for example, while the distribution of Oithona spp. and its associates in the estuary corresponded intimately with high silicate, temperature, and low salinity, it was high salinity, phosphate, and nitrate in the harbour channel that supported a different assemblage of copepods dominated by calanoids.     

Recovery of an estuary in the southwest coast of India from tsunami impacts

Water quality in the Cochin Estuary, southwest coast of India during the tsunami attack was assessed and compared with the pre and post tsunami characteristics. From the results obtained, it is evident that a drastic change in hydrography has been inflicted by the energy transferred through the tsunami, which disturbed the entire estuarine embayment. However, the post tsunami water quality showed normal levels indicating that the region has recovered from the tsunami impacts.     

基于经济联系强度的海峡西岸经济区空间格局分析

海峡西岸经济区的发展经历了提出、发展和形成3个阶段，分析海峡西岸经济区的区位意义，应用引力模型对海峡西岸经济区20个城市间的经济联系量进行计算，并用Mapinfo90专题地图显示海峡西岸经济区空间发展格局。研究结果表明，海峡西岸经济区东部“双核”城市群之间密切的经济联系形成沿海放射长廊，中、西部“次增长点”构成海峡西岸经济区多级体系，沿海发展轴对中、西次增长点具有较强的辐射作用；区域内部的经济联系度由沿海向内陆山区随着距离成本的增加呈现出衰减规律；区域内陆各城市之间的彼此经济联系强度较弱，其中山地地形条件和距离成本是海西城市之间经济联系的主要阻碍因素